A Guide For Students Writing A Great Discursive Essay

A Guide For Students Writing A Great Discursive Essay Rambling Essay: Topic and Structure Numerous individuals have in any event one fair companion. An impartial companion is one who is incredibly full grown, never favors one side, and reasonable in all circumstances. That companion is like a digressive exposition that we will expound in this article. Digressive expositions are notable for being fair-minded; they take good ways from complex issues. These articles would consider every single imaginable result from some random circumstance and makes ends dependent on the investigation. Desultory papers are pretty much equivalent to that fair-minded companion you have who is eager to tune in to your circumstance however abstains from being genuinely connected in the issue viable. Then again, there is that companion we have who cannot abstain from favoring one side on issues and will rapidly get genuinely joined to an issue. This specific society respond promptly and would consistently locate a side to help. They would contend on the side of this given side they have picked until the end. This individual is totally different from the rambling paper however fits in with the estimations of a pugnacious exposition. Now and again, they can identify with an influential exposition. Subsequent to perusing this article, you will comprehend the most ideal method of drafting an impeccable rambling exposition. It will be simpler for you taking care of task on the verbose paper and will assist you with getting a passing evaluation or much more. What is a Discursive Essay? A verbose exposition is a sort of paper that would try to clarify every single imaginable view and positions in a given point, subject, or issue nearby. The primary issue why understudies are given verbose articles is to decide if an understudy can stay unbiased on a given issue and disregard on the most charged feelings (How to Write an Amazing Discursive Essay (2019 Guide), 2019). You have to show to your educator that despite the fact that you have your remain on certain issues, you are fit for setting them aside and take a gander at things sensibly. The most abnormal kinds of digressive expositions make quiet strides and look at each shade of an issue. Case of an unbiased companion despite everything applies. You may choose to go to your closest companion and advise him/her how your flat mate bombed you for lunch in spite of affirming to come. Regardless of how you present your announcement, that fair-minded companion will at present stay unbiased and would replay and state: Well, in one point of view, that sounds discourteous and was not the best activity all the more so in the wake of affirming participation lunch. In this cutting edge time, there is no point why one would neglect to give warning of not taking care of your greeting. Correspondence is direct and simply sending an instant message was sufficient to settle everything. Nonetheless, taking a gander at the issue from another edge, you may discover that your companion got a requesting task that left her brief period to try and impart to you. I have heard her gripe severally that her cell gadget is poor while in office. In addition, her folks are such severe, so she appea rs, to have peculiar issues with regards to frustrating individuals. Like an unprejudiced companion, verbose expositions don't bounce into ends in any event, when an issue is by all accounts clearly. In any event, when something has all the earmarks of being basic, it is never that basic. Only a small amount of things in the entire world is straightforward. In this way, rambling exposition gives understudies a magnificent chance to fundamentally take a gander at issues and recognize any association existing in them. Structure of a Discursive Essay Nothing is interesting with regards to organizing. A rambling article has comparable structure like different papers you know. In your presentation, you have to begin with a snare that interfaces with the remainder of the exposition and propels the peruser to keep perusing. Different sentences would then talk about the foundation of the issue and how it associates with the current world. A desultory paper is one of the most testing composing errands as you have to build up a theory explanation that doesn't favor any part. I am certain you are accustomed to composing those proposal articulations that are authoritative and would effectively control perusers towards the course the paper takes. The postulation articulation for your digressive exposition ought to keep up your different sides all through your piece. For example, you can choose to give a proposal like this: Although numerous individuals accept that capital punishment ought to be killed as it is ethically off-base, there are the individuals who believe that it ought to be managed as inability to control it would deny casualties equity. The above proposition articulation has contemplated two potential discernments that would be examined. Each section ought not blend the two conversations but instead harp on one. For instance, on the off chance that you are examining on the impropriety of capital punishment, you have to similarly have other two passages that talk about on the experts of capital punishment. Additionally on the off chance that you choose to keep in touch with one section for capital punishment, you will likewise need to compose another article to counter your case. This ought to be viably accomplished paying little heed to your genuine convictions of the case. Each side ought to be dealt with similarly and ought to be comparable in size and even word check. Closing a desultory article is unique in relation to the past ends understudies are familiar with while composing their assignments. However, with this exposition, you will begin your decision by surveying all your proof. While doing this recall not to characterize your stand yet bode well in your composition. Again, we make our references to a fair-minded companion who never takes sides regardless. An unprejudiced companion will never agree with a particular stance however will burden issues and give a reaction dependent on the real world. In the above instance of missed lunch, an unengaged companion will guarantee that it was not directly for somebody to lose lunch when plans had been made early. Despite the fact that the companion probably won't be in a situation to call or text, she could have sent you an email. With everything taken into account, we are individuals and one have to think about numerous alternatives. The fantasy work your companion made a decent attempt to get diverted occupied her from her public activity. She can work for right around 12 hours every day. In this announcement, the end will give more explanation however doesn't favor one side with the issue. Likewise, in different expositions, you should discuss your central matters examined in your body yet utilizing a nother form of the language to abstain from sounding redundant. A few educators will encourage their understudies to give their perspective toward the finish of a desultory article. This is certainly not a genuine rambling exposition but instead a semi-verbose article. A simply verbose paper won't take sides taking everything into account. The capacity of the arrangement to stay impartial all through makes it solid contrasted and different articles that would change its concentration anytime. A Template For Discursive Essays A snare sentence (statement or insights) planned for catching the consideration of your perusers while demonstrating them the reason for your exposition Foundation sentence Foundation sentence that is connecting two rambling sides of your article Transitional sentence Postulation proclamation: taking a gander at honesty of the different sides Subject sentence that underpins a give side of your theme Conversation on the importance of your case Supporting data on the subtleties gave Nitty gritty clarification on why you see is legitimate Theme sentence to help supporting the other view that restricts the proposition articulation Significant depictions Further depiction or steady data Talking about significance of your feeling A nuanced conversation on the two rival sides, expressing legitimacy of the two perspectives without taking any solid stand Return to the main significant point Return to the subsequent significant point Return to the third significant point Return to the fourth significant point Interface the two points of view of your postulation articulation to a wide issue in existing either on the planet or mankind. Steps of Writing Discursive Essays You have to pick a well known subject so you will have increasingly substance to compose on. On your unpleasant book, note down every single essential point that will bolster one side of your proposal. Rehash the equivalent for the rest of the piece of your theory. Search for accessible statements or insights that are in accordance with your point. Recognize the one you like most and make it a snare for your perusers. In this progression, utilize a few sentences to talk about the foundation of your issue. Structure a proposal proclamation that sums up the different sides of your theme. Utilize the principal passage of your body to talk about on one viewpoint of this theme just as the primary concerns supporting it. Dive deep and cause your perusers to comprehend that you know the perspective back to front. (On the off chance that you instructor needs an increasingly expanded exposition, make a point to include passage). Rehash this in the accompanying section. Compose an energizing opening sentence to close your work that returns to the sum total of what that has been examined in your exposition. Do this is a way that will explain your paper your focuses. Sum up your central matters and give if conceivable your inclination however don't be so open to it. Interface your focuses to the remainder of your paper on the specific issue in the general public, bigger picture, or human presence. Themes on Discursive Essay Are two-parent homes increasingly better looked at than single-parent homes? Do you accept that center kids in the family are under-achievers? Do you accept that presenting small kids to brutal media set them up to the future real factors throughout everyday life or it will make them progressively savage like what they see? Do youngsters developing with pets carry on in an increasingly balanced life in their adulthood? Should strict establishments be burdened? Do web based life have a task to carry out in controlling web based tormenting and troll regardless of the main correction bill? Do you accept that individuals who stroll to work or ride on their bike ought to have diminished assessment? The best educator is a disappointment. Biggest governments on earth consistently attempt to smother the economy of the nation it controls. Youngsters who are developed in suburbia probably won't arrive at their full

America Industrial Revolution free essay sample

Modern upset has been distinguished as the characterizing power behind the enormous monetary development saw in the American country during the nineteenth and twentieth century (Hudson 56). On account of modern upset, the American country improved its capacity to direct large scale manufacturing both for its residential needs and surplus for send out. Just to be acknowledged here is the factor that the maintainable monetary improvement of any country doesn't just rely upon independence however on its capacity to direct global business. Another significant part of the American modern transformation is that it prompted the formalization of work, a factor that served to alleviate human misuse (Collier, and Kevin 21). Â However, the American modern unrest is accused for trading off the feasible upper hand of little scope cortege enterprises in the country (Michigan State University). The upheaval is additionally fundamentally accused for trading off the social personality of the individual American ethnic gatherings (Hudson 88). This is on the grounds that it prompted expanded social intermixing of races just as cross-race relationships. All things considered, the insurgency is firmly credited to an expansion in natural dangers among American people group (Hudson 91). This paper is composed as a conversation on the impacts of the American mechanical unrest. The creator investigates the two sides of the ramifications of the insurgency to the American individuals. Impacts of modern upheaval to the life of the Americans There are numerous beneficial outcomes of the American mechanical transformation to the individuals of America. As per accessible chronicled data, the gigantic mechanical development in the American country during the nineteenth century is the immediate consequence of its present superpower status in the globe. Following the development of the mechanical upheaval, the individuals of America delighted in the idea of expanded creation in the enterprises, a factor that incredibly improved their speculation gainfulness (Collier, and Kevin 21). It is significant that the sole reason for any financial specialist is to guarantee most extreme benefits. In spite of the fact that slaves gave modest work to horticultural ventures in America, their profitability couldn't a lot of the modernized farming practices that accompanied the mechanical upset. Another significant impact of the American mechanical unrest is that it prompted the formalization of work in the country (Collier, and Kevin 21). Before the beginning of the mechanical insurgency, servitude was one of the most regularly utilized types of work for filling the economy of America. This was an invalidation of the human rights since slaves were seen as a property to their lords as opposed to people who merited better than average treatment. All things considered, with the happening to the mechanical insurgency, there came increasingly successful and dependable machine advances, a factor which discredited the requirement for constrained work in the businesses (Collier, and Kevin 25). This enormously improved the working conditions for the utilized individuals of America. Still on formalization of work is the making of new business open doors for the American residents (Michigan State University). The beginning of mechanical transformation carried with it new openings for the diverse expert classes in the American country. This didn't just serve to improve the expectations for everyday comforts for certain individuals from the network yet additionally as a support for demonstrable skill among Americans. Additionally, the unrest is to be expressed gratitude toward for the creative improvement of modern administration and initiative standards just as vital promoting rehearses in America (Collier, and Kevin 27). With expanded degree of profitability, the executives and modern initiative standards developed. Such likewise required the expansionism procedure by the American country in the journey to guarantee practical market for its excess items. As per advocates of the mechanical upheaval, the American modern insurgency carried with it the requirement for inventive way to deal with critical thinking. It is properly attested that need is a definitive mother of creation. In any case, it is worth to recognize the way that the procedure of industrialization has experienced numerous difficulties. In light of this thinking, the American modern upset is commended for the general improvement of the innovative and monetary remain of the American country (Collier, and Kevin 28). According to the accessible data, America is one of the main impacts in the universal modern item market to date. This gives its residents an upper hand over those of different countries. Additionally, the broad mechanical transformation that checked America during the nineteenth and mid twentieth hundreds of years are to be commended for the force control delighted in by the country over the globe (Michigan State University). As indicated by accessible data, because of the impact of its modern unrest, the American country appreciates the upper hand of scholarly properties. Just to be underscored here is the way that scholarly properties are found to advance the financial preferred position of a country. This is on the grounds that they are secured by the law against use by different people without giving business advantages to the source. Along these lines, since the transformation prompted foundation of various licensed innovation rights, it served to secure the social and monetary steadiness of the American individuals (Hudson 67).

Blog Archive Which Business Schools Had the Largest Incoming Classes in 2017

Blog Archive Which Business Schools Had the Largest Incoming Classes in 2017 The 2017â€"2018 academic year is in full swing, and students in the Class of 2019 areâ€"we hope!â€"settling in nicely for their MBA studies. Around this time of year, business schools release their latest class profiles to provide more detail about their incoming classes. Of course, no two classes are exactly alike. Some are smaller in size and enjoy a more intimate environment for their studies, while some are quite large and therefore encompass an even greater diversity of students. We at mbaMission examined the latest class profiles to learn which top-ranked schools welcomed the most sizable enrollments this year. Nearly 1,000 students enrolled at Harvard Business School, putting its Class of 2019 at 928 individuals. The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and Columbia Business School were not far behind, with 863 and 753 students, respectively. After the top three, class sizes were notably smallerâ€"the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, the fourth-largest program this year, welcomed 582 students, and the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University’s class consisted of 478 individuals. If smaller programs are more your thing, stay tuned for a closer look at the other end of the spectrum… Share ThisTweet B-School Charts Columbia University (Columbia Business School) Harvard University (Harvard Business School) News University of Pennsylvania (Wharton)

Literary Theories And Literary Criticism - 1318 Words

Literary theories and literary criticism New Historicism 1. †¢ It is a literary theory based on the criticism of Stephen Greenblatt and philosophy Michel Foucault. †¢ It states that literature should be studied and interpreted in context with the author’s history as well as the history of the critic. †¢ Acknowledges that the author’s literature is influenced by his/her situations or surroundings. †¢ The critic’s response is also influenced by his/her surroundings, beliefs, values and prejudices. †¢ Shows how the author’s settings affected their work and how the literary work reflects on the author. †¢ Recognizes current cultural contexts, which helps critic’s to come to their conclusions about the literary work at hand. 2. †¢ Literary context/work: The Merchant of Venice. †¢ One wanted to know if the play written by Shakespeare, was anti-Semitic. †¢ One could not simply answer yes/no. Research needed to be done and the text needed to be studied and analysed. †¢ You needed to look into the cultural history of the play to come to a conclusion. (Study social classes; point of view of the Jews). †¢ By studying the cultural history of the given work reveals a deeper meaning of the text as well as seeing what the history is about. Post-colonialism - the extension of civilization 1. †¢ Joseph-Ernest Renan †¢ Analyses, explains and responds to the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism. †¢ The study of knowledge, its nature and verifiability †¢ Focusses on human values of externalShow MoreRelatedArchetypal Literary Criticism Essay1614 Words   |  7 Pages In Literary Criticism, there is an idea that believes that Archetypes make up literature’s meaning. The concept of Archetypes in literature has been the subject of extensive examination in Literary Criticism. â€Å"Criticism can be broken down into two broad categories: evaluative and interpretive† (Gardner 1287). The criticism is based on Literary Theory, which is composed of ideas that help interpret, and analyze literature. Everything in literature has a meaning, and many different people cameRead MoreLiterary Criticism Of Literature And Literature873 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause throughout history writers, as well as literary historians have failed to construct an agreeable definition (Bressler 12). When one thinks of literature, he or she should think of literary criticism—different critical perspectives. Literary criticism requires readers to analyze literary texts with knowledge of theories. Thus, the next time one reads a text, he or she should first identify the theory that he or she plans to use. The theories represent a set of critical lens that one will useRead More Anatomy of Criticism Essay example1249 Words   |  5 PagesAnatomy of Criticism  Ã‚   Introduction In his Anatomy of Criticism, Northrop Frye offers a complex theory that aspires to describe a unifying system for literary criticism. It can be argued, however, that in attempting to delineate such an all-inclusive structure, Fryes system eliminates identity in literature. The present essay takes up this argument and offers examples of how identity is precluded by Fryes system as outlined in Anatomy of Criticism. Structure Vs. Identity In Fryes systemRead MoreSocialist Feminist Criticism1164 Words   |  5 PagesSocialist Feminist Criticism: You Dropped the Bomb on Me, Baby Feminism and gender studies have been described as having the ability to challenge literary and culture theory to confront the difficult task of assimilating the findings of an expanding sphere of inquiry (Contemporary Literary Criticism 567). 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One is teaching readers to see things from a woman character’s point of view in a written work, as many readersRead MoreMatthew Arnold as a Poet and Critic1500 Words   |  6 PagesPoet and Critic The word criticism is derived from a Greek word that means judgment. So, criticism is basically the exercise of judgment, and literary criticism is, therefore, the exercise of judgment on works of literature. From this, it is clear that the nature of literary criticism is to examine a work of literature, and its function is to identify its points of excellence and its inadequacies, and finally to evaluate its artistic worth. Literary criticism concerns itself with askingRead MoreAnalysis Of `` No One `` By Zora Neale Hurston And Toni Morrison881 Words   |  4 Pagesliterature is flux, to agree or disagree with his sentiments is the very core of an ancient debate: how is literature to be critiqued. Literary theory is wide—its proponents range from deconstructionism and structuralism to aestheticism, and culturalism, flowing through queer theory, gender theory, and race theory to name a few subsets of the latter. The diversity in this theory is easily explained, as it stems from the own diversity of writers and works that have been produced. The identities of these worksRead MoreDescribing Stylistics as a Concept in English Studies Essay1054 Words   |  5 Pageshope of arriving at analyses which are more broadly based, rigorous and objective. The pioneers were the Prague and Russian schools, but their approaches have been appropriated and extended by radical theory in recent years. Stylistics can be evaluative (i.e. judge the literary worth on stylistic criteria), but more commonly attempts to simply analyse and describe the workings of texts which have already been selected as noteworthy on other grounds. Stylistic analysis

Who Invented Ethernet

â€Å"I came to work one day at MIT and the computer had been stolen so I called DEC to break the news to them that this $30,000 computer that theyd lent me was gone. They thought this was the greatest thing that ever happened because it turns out I had in my possession the first computer small enough to be stolen!†Ã‚  (Robert Metcalfe) The Ethernet is a system for connecting computers within a building using hardware running from machine to machine. It differs from the Internet, which connects remotely located computers. Ethernet uses some software borrowed from Internet protocol, but the connecting hardware was the basis of a patent involving newly designed chips and wiring. The patent describes Ethernet as a multipoint data communication system with collision detection. Robert Metcalfe and Ethernet   Robert Metcalfe was a member of the research staff at Xerox at their Palo Alto Ranch Center, where some of the first personal computers were made. Metcalfe was asked to build a networking system for PARCs computers. Xeroxs wanted this set up because they were also building the worlds first laser printer and they wanted all PARCs computers to be able to work with this printer. Metcalfe met with two challenges. The network had to be fast enough to drive the very fast new laser printer. It also had to connect hundreds of computers within the same building. This had never been an issue before. Most companies had one, two or maybe three computers in operation at any one of their premises. Metcalfe remembered hearing about a network called ALOHA that was used at the University of Hawaii. It relied on radio waves in lieu of telephone wire to send and receive data. This led to his idea to use coaxial cables rather than radio waves to limit interference in transmissions.   The press has often stated that Ethernet was invented on May 22, 1973 when Metcalfe wrote a memo to his bosses touting  its potential. But Metcalfe claims Ethernet was actually invented very gradually over a period of several years. As part of this lengthy process, Metcalfe and his assistant David Boggs published a paper titled, Ethernet: Distributed Packet-Switching for Local Computer Networks  in 1976.   The Ethernet patent is U.S. patent #4,063,220, awarded in 1975. Metcalfe completed creation of an open Ethernet standard in 1980, which became an IEEE industry standard by 1985. Today, Ethernet is considered the genius invention that means we no longer have to dial up to access the Internet. Robert Metcalfe Today   Robert Metcalfe left Xerox in 1979 to promote the use of personal computers and local area networks. He successfully convinced the Digital Equipment, Intel and Xerox corporations to work together to promote Ethernet as a standard. He succeeded as Ethernet is now the most widely-installed LAN protocol and an international computer industry standard.   Metcalfe founded 3Com in 1979. He accepted a position as Professor of Innovation and Murchison Fellow of Free Enterprise at the University of Texas Cockrell School of Engineering in 2010.

The Six Branches Of Chemistry - 1482 Words

List and define the six main branches of chemistry ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Organic chemistry involves the study of the structure, properties, and preparation of chemical compounds that consist primarily of carbon and hydrogen. organic chemistry the study of most carbon containing compounds INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Inorganic chemistry is the study of the properties and behaviour of inorganic compounds. It covers all chemical compounds except organic compounds. Inorganic chemists study things such as crystal structures, minerals, metals, catalysts, and most elements in the Periodic Table. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Analytical chemistry involves the qualitative and quantitative determination of the chemical components of substances. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY Physical Chemistry —the study of the effect of chemical structure on the physical properties of a substance. Physical chemists typically study the rate of a chemical reaction, the interaction of molecules with radiation, and the calculation of structures and properties. - BIOCHEMISTRY Biochemistry is the study of chemical reactions that take place in living things. It tries to explain them in chemical terms. Biochemical research includes cancer and stem cell biology, infectious disease, and cell membrane and structural biology. It spans molecular biology, genetics, biochemical pharmacology, clinical biochemistry, and agricultural biochemistry. THEORETICAL CHEMISTRY the use of math and computers to understand the principles being observed andShow MoreRelatedA Chemy Called Al By Wendy Isdell1197 Words   |  5 PagesJulie. Julie s life is filled with many adventures. She is very inquisitive and is always one to turn to critical thinking. From the beginning of the book, the reader can instantly connect concepts from the opening chapter with science, especially chemistry/physical science. The power is out at her home as she is trying to finish some of her homework assignments. It is with her critical thinking insights and assurance of the issue (via television), that what is going on in her town isn t normal, andRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Genetics1500 Words   |  6 Pageshave seen chromosomes, this gives a more definite idea of genetics, in the narrowest sense. The second combination of ideas is with chemistry. It allows us to define systems in a more precise term, and to expand at each level. We can see the actual chr omosomes, their movements, their products, their changes, and their self-propagation regarding protein chemistry. The third combination that we look at concerns hereditary and development. These were brought together as aspects of the same problemRead MoreThe Fields of Sports Medicine917 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the health field there are many job opportunities and branches. One of those branches is sports medicine. 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In other words, those specialized in theRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Its Effects1175 Words   |  5 Pagessuffer for years before being properly diagnosed. Bipolar disorder causes dramatic mood swings. Severe changes in energy and behavior follow these mood swings. This description of bipolar disorder does not distinguish the illness which regularly branches into separate diagnosis. Bipolar one disorder is the classic style of this illness, and it is simple to acknowledge thanks to its frenzied and sometimes psychotic episodes of mania. Throughout these episodes, individuals might sense hallucinationsRead MoreWhat Does it Take to be a Dental Hygenist1213 Words   |  5 Pagesor equivalentto two to four years of experience and is licensed as a dental hygienist. In the education of becoming a dental hygienist, they mainly major in classes such as Biology, Chemistry, and Mathematics. 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Debut Albums and Moment free essay sample

Imagine if I was given one moment, just a single slice of my past. I could hold It close forever, and that moment would always last. Id put the moment In a safe, within my hearts abode. I could open it when I wanted, and only I would know the code. I could choose a time of laughing, a time of happiness and fun. I could choose a time that tried me, through everything Ive done. I sat and thought about what moment, would always make me smile.One that would always push me, to walk that extra mile. If Im feeling sad and low, if Im struggling with what to do. I can go and open my little safe, and watch my moment through. There are moments I can think of, that would lift my splats every-time. The moments when you picked me up, when the road was hard to climb. We will write a custom essay sample on Debut Albums and Moment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For me to only pick one moment, to cherish, save and keep, Is proving really difficult, as Ive gathered up a heap!Ive dug deep inside my heart, mound the safe and looked inside, there was room for lots of moments, In fact hundreds If I tried. Im bulldog my own little library, embedded in my heart, before you had to part. I can open it up whenever I like, pick a moment and watch it through, My little library acts as a promise, Ill never ever forget you.

U.S. Expatriates Benefits, Compensation, and Possible Risks

Fighting Music Piracy essays

Fighting Music Piracy essays Ah Internet, what a phenomenal invention! These days absolutely anything is possible to do and to get through the Internet. For instance, some of the most popular positive activities include the availability to instantly access the museums and libraries all across the world, as well as being able to learn about the latest news and events in a matter of seconds. Without doubt, Internet serves the major benefit by providing the immediate access to friends, family, and business associates through email, instant messaging, video conferencing, and other Internet mediums. Obviously, the whole concept of being able to shop from home without making a step out of the door, or even better, without getting up from the chair is always a great help. Also, Internet can provide a trivial knowledge, along with entertainment such as music, movies, books, radio and others. In other words, Internet these days simply became a speedy alternative to the U.S. Postal Service, a tool for enriching the minds of many and a worldwide shopping mall at the same time. Unfortunately, besides the vast amount of benefits that Internet brings to people, it also has become a home to the number of controversial, illegal and even criminal activities that were introduced to the society in the past couple of years. It is easy to see the significance of those unfavorable activities by just simply analyzing the fact that Internet provides an easy access to pornography, which for some reason children, sometimes, seem to be able to find even easier than the adults. Viru and malicious software that affects our home and business computers are extremely popular these days as well. Needless to say, just one big word SPAM, along with the deceptive marketing and scams, brings a lot of head ache to people. This could seem to be like a full list of disadvantages, but unfortunately it is not full just yet. Take a second and see if you can think of any other kind of a massive...

The Justification, Planning, and Preparation for the Attacks by Al-Qai Essay

The Justification, Planning, and Preparation for the Attacks by Al-Qaida in the United States on September 11, 2001 - Essay Example This paper will seek to reflect on the detailed planning, preparation and attempts at justification that bin Laden and his entire Al-Qaida organization did prior to the devastating September 11th attacks. In my opinion, the United States had not afforded the proper degree of attention to the threat that was posed by the bin Laden led Al-Qaida organization. This is evidenced by although bin Laden is quoted in a report issued by the United Kingdom government as having issued a number of proclamations against the United States, urging Muslims around the world to kill both American citizens and their military forces, the United States never took any direct action against this potential threat. In making the threat, Osama bin Laden had justified the attacks by claiming that the people of Islam had for long endured suffering from the wanton injustice, aggression and iniquity that was being forcibly imposed on them by the Zionist-Crusader alliance and their respective collaborators. He argued that it was now time that Muslims engaged in a Jihad targeted at cleansing the land from these Arabian peninsula crusader occupiers. Of concern also is that even after the devastating attacks conducted by the group in East Africa, against United States targets, relatively very little effort was put in place to try reign in and cripple the threat that was being posed by this organization. According to the same United Kingdom report, Bin Laden had justified attacks on American and Jewish targets by claiming that Muslims that happened to die in the course of them would be rewarded as they were carrying out God’s work (Murphy 239). The planning for the attacks on the United States was very extensive and took a number of years as is seen to be characteristic of all the attacks conducted by the Al-Qaida organization. In moving the attackers to the United States several years prior to the attacks, taking them through flight schools and using flight simulators to help them carefully study the controls of some of the larger aircraft; I believe that the al-Qaida organization displayed a great degree of detail in its planning.  Ã‚  

Principlies of finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Principlies of finance - Assignment Example The paper outlines all the strong sides of such companies as Xtrata plc., Rio Tinto plc., HSBC pl., Tesco plc. and BT plc. HSBC has services from banking to financial products. Personal financial services under the HSBC group offer current account, personal account, loan, cards and payment services. Wealth management services take care of insurance, investment and financial products. It has existence in 87 countries for global banking, capital market and commercial banking facilities; it is headquartered in London, United Kingdom. Global financial crisis has affected a lot for global banking companies. This sector is not affected for in the emerging countries but considerably impacted on developed countries. HSBC has major revenue earning from developed countries hence most of the groups underlined have reflected bad performance in 2010. The major sector indicators are in still in bad condition. Rio Tinto plc is highly diversified company with operations in finding, mining and processing mineral resources. Rio Tinto produces aluminum, copper, gold, silver, diamond and other industrial minerals. Rio Tinto is engaged in all the continents; the head quarter is in London, United Kingdom. Rio Tinto’s business includes the mines, mills, refineries, refineries and research facilities. Company has 5 major product groups like aluminum, copper, diamonds, minerals, energy, iron ore, exploration and technology & innovation; and number of subsidiaries for availing facilities of economies of scale and cost structure. But iron ore is the main contributor to its earning with 73% dominance and copper has 18% contribution in the earning. Global financial crisis has affected Rio Tinto and created a challenge; but company is able to stabilize the situations with the proper strategic steps. This year company is able to manage a whopping increase in net earning from $4.9 billion to $14.3 b illion. Basic materials sector is also witnessing demand for above average GDP growth of China, India and other emerging nations. Global economic situation is also helpful for the increasing demand in ores. Investors and fund mangers also investing in diamonds and minerals, which is another positive force for short to medium term to the Rio Tinto’s growth. Through the SWOT analysis of the Rio Tinto, I found that the company has cash risk, market volatility threat and technological challenges in near future but the competitive advantages and growth in medium term is good opportunity for the inventors. Apart from this fundamental analysis, I found that the Rio Tinto’s return is combatively better and impressive than other competitors in the same sector for medium term and at this moment the share value is in uptrend but has major resistance in 4800. Hence selling the stock at this moment before

Ecological Agriculture for Sustainable Development

Ecological Agriculture for Sustainable Development Siddaraju V. G [*] Dr. M. Indira [**] Introduction Sustainable development is relevant issue of the present day. Sustainable development refers to development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs. Sustainable development is achieved through sustainable agriculture. Food security for the common man is a basic right. Over 800 millions people in the world suffer from hunger which has to be reduced by half by the year 2015. Agriculture plays a crucial rule in addressing the needs of a growing global population, and is inextricably linked to poverty eradication, especially in developing countries. Sustainable agriculture and rural development is essential to the implementation of integrated approach to increasing food production and enhancing food security in an environmentally sustainable way. According to Pingali (2001) many countries across the world provide support for modern agriculture, mainly to increase the productivity for commercial purpose without considering the environment sustainability. Therefore, the concept of sustainability of agriculture is gaining momentum from last few years. The concept of ‘Sustainability’ has been discussed in Earth Summits of 1992 and 2002. The Earth summit offered an opportunity for the global community to address key action on agriculture with a view to sustainability and reducing poverty and hunger, protecting biodiversity and access to resources for small farmers everywhere. Sustainable development has three components i.e., economic sustainability, environmental sustainability and social sustainability. Ecological agriculture addresses the environment or ecological aspects of sustainability. Sustainable agriculture embraces several variants of non-conventional agriculture that are often called organic, alternative, regenerative, and ecological or low input. Ecological agriculture based on ecological principles aim at maintaining or enhancing the quality of the environment and conserve natural resources without using chemical inputs leading to sustainable development. The difference between sustainable agriculture and ecological agriculture is that sustainable agriculture is a broad concept compared to ecological agriculture. Ecological agriculture systems are one of the means of attaining sustainable agriculture. Sustainable agriculture aims continuous increase in yield and greater resilience. For a sound future, ecological agriculture offers a dynamic interaction between soil, animal, humans, ecosystem and environment. Ecological agriculture is economically viable because: Reduction in the use of external inputs and increase in farm organic inputs with the greatest potential to benefit the health of farmers and consumers. More productivity through the incorporation of natural process as nutrient cycles, nitrogen fixation, and pest predator relationships in to the agricultural production process. Greater productive use of the biological and genetic potential of plant and animal species. Improvement of the match between cropping patterns and the productive potential and physical limitations of agricultural lands to ensure long term sustainability of current production levels and Profitable and efficient production with emphasis on improved management and conservation of soil, water and energy and biological resources. The basic requirement in organic farming is to increase input use efficiency at each step of the farm operations. This is achieved partly through reducing losses and adoption of new technologies for enrichment of nutrient content in manure (Sravanan, 2006). The concept of organic farming lays emphasis on economic and ecological sustainability of agricultural system and hence avoids the dependence on chemical pesticides use (Dhawan and Deshmukh, 2005). According to Charjan and Hajare (2002) organic farming is only an alternative, which may not be acceptable on short-term basis, but may be viable on long-term basis, perhaps due to number of issues. An attempt is made in this paper to analyze the economic performance of ecological agriculture and modern agriculture system and to identify the reasons for the transition from modern agriculture to ecological agriculture. Methodology The present study is based on primary data collected from 50 ecological farmers and 50 modern farmers in the production of Paddy and Sugarcane in Mysore and Mandya districts of Karnataka. Economic performance of any system could be analyzed by analyzing the costs and returns. In the present study relative economic performance of ecological and modern agriculture is analyzed in terms of Farm Business Income (FBI). Location, distribution of sample farmers is presented in table 1. Table 1: Particulars of selected district and taluk District Taluk No. of Ecological farmers No. of Modern Farmers Mysore Mysore 16 16 Nanjanagud 9 9 Mandya Mandya 14 14 Maddur 11 11 The above table shows that Location, distribution of sample farmers. Ecological farmers are located in Mysore and Nanjanagud taluks in Mysore district and Mandya and Maddur taluks in Mandya district. Mysore taluk in Mysore district has the large number of ecological farmers and Mandya taluk in Mandya ditrict has more number of ecological farmers. Equal numbers of modern farmers were selected for comparative analysis. Analysis and Discussion Economic Performance Farm Business Income (FBI) is one of the indicators to measure the economic profitability of an agriculture farm. It has been chosen to understand the relative economic profitability of ecological farming and modern farming systems in the production of selected crops. FBI is the difference between the gross returns and Cost A1. Farm Business Income = Gross Income – Cost A1 Cost of Cultivation Average cost and returns under ecological and modern agriculture in the production of paddy and sugarcane are presented below. Paddy Average cost per acre in the production of paddy under ecological and modern farming systems, yield per acre, returns from main product and returns from by product, net returns per acre are presented in table 2. Table 2: Costs and Returns from Ecological and Modern Agriculture in the Production of Paddy Sl. No. Particulars Ecological Agriculture Modern Agriculture 1 Farm Power 6147 5539 2 Organic Nutrients 1957 655 3 Chemical Fertilizers 1030 4 Seed 367 352 5 Irrigation 379 389 6 Land Tax 29 24 7 Depreciation Charge on Farm implements 1018 449 8 Depreciation Charge on machinery 623 603 9 Repair of Machineries 449 233 10 Total Cost of Cultivation (1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9) 10968 9274 11 Yield (Quintal/acre) 23 22 12 Price Received (Rs/quintal) 639 612 13 Returns from main Product (Rs/acre) 14697 13464 14 Income from by-product (Rs/acre) 1067 786 15 Gross Returns/Rs (13+14) 15764 14250 16 Net returns/Rs (15-13) 4796 4975 Source: Survey Data Gross returns from paddy produced under ecological agriculture found to be marginally higher compared to the paddy produced under modern farming system. While gross returns from ecological agriculture was Rs. 15764 per acre, the same from modern agriculture was Rs. 14250 per acre, a difference of Rs 1514 per acre. But net return was relatively low from ecological agriculture (Rs. 4795 per acre) compared to modern agriculture (Rs. 4975/acre), because cost of cultivation was higher for ecological farms (Rs. 10969 per acre) compared to modern farms (Rs. 9274/acre). Cost of organic nutrients, farm power, farm depreciation charges are higher in ecological agriculture. Marginal differences could be seen in other costs. While organic nutrients were expensive, the transportation of FYM, its administration, transplantation, weeding require more labour, which is reflected in the farm power. Farm depreciation charge is higher in ecological agriculture due to more use of farm equipments. The yie ld from ecological agriculture was not found to be much higher than modern agriculture. While ecological farms produced 23 quintal/acre, 22 quintal/acre were produced from modern farms. Ecological farmers received Rs. 27 per quintal of paddy, which is slightly higher price than the modern farmers. The yield and price was not much difference under the two methods of cultivation. Therefore, net return also was not much different. Sugarcane Sugarcane is a commercial annual crop grown mainly in Mandya and Mysore districts of Karnataka. Average costs and returns in the production of sugarcane is presented in table 3. Table 3: Costs and Returns under Ecological and Modern Agriculture in the Production of Sugarcane Sl. No. Particulars Ecological Agriculture Modern Agriculture 1 Farm Power 22589 20441 2 Organic Nutrients 2414 861 3 Chemical Fertilizers 3502 4 Seed 1300 1300 5 Irrigation 424 443 6 Land Tax 27 26 7 Depreciation Charge on Farm Implements 1800 3403 8 Depreciation Charge on Machinery 1172 1499 9 Repair of Machineries 500 204 10 Total Cost of Cultivation (1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9) 30225 31679 11 Yield (Ton/acre) 52 49 12 Price Received (Tonn/Rs) 989 961 13 Gross Returns/Rs 51428 47089 14 Net Returns/Rs (13-10) 21203 15410 Source: Survey Data Net returns from sugarcane were found to be higher from ecological farms (Rs. 21202 per acre) compared to modern farms (Rs. 15410 per acre). Similarly the gross returns were Rs. 51428per acre from ecological agriculture and Rs. 47089 per acre from modern agriculture. Relatively higher cost of cultivation in modern agriculture is due to higher cost of chemical fertilizers and farm depreciation charges. Chemical fertilizers like Urea, Potash, Complex and Salt were expensive. Farm depreciation charge is higher in ecological agriculture due to more use of farm equipments. Marginal differences could be seen in other costs except farm power. Because the cost of the transportation of FYM, weeding, harvesting and its administration require more labour, which is reflected in the farm power. The cost of cultivation of sugarcane with modern agriculture is costing Rs. 1454 more per acre. Yield per acre under ecological farming is nearly three ton more than that from modern cultivation and ecolog ical farmers received Rs. 28 higher for one ton of sugarcane than the modern farmers. Higher yield and returns have contributed to higher returns from ecological farming than the modern farming. Net returns from sugarcane under ecological farming are Rs. 5792 more than that from modern agriculture. Farm Business Income Farm business income under ecological and modern agriculture in the production of annual crops (paddy and sugarcane) is presented in table 4. Table 4: Farm Business Income of Annual Crops under ecological and modern farming system Paddy Sugarcane Variables Ecological Agriculture Modern Agriculture Ecological Agriculture Modern Agriculture Gross Returns 15,764 14,250 51,428 47,089 Cost A1 10,968 9,274 30,225 31,679 Farm Business Income (FBI) 4,796 4,976 21,203 15,410 Source: Survey Data The above table shows that larger variation in the FBI could be observed in the production of Sugarcane, which is a commercial crop. In the production of Paddy, FBI under ecological farming is marginally lower i.e., by Rs.180. Cost A1 under ecological agriculture is higher by Rs.1694 per acre. However gross returns is higher by Rs.1514 per acre. But in the case of sugarcane, FBI from ecological cultivation is higher by Rs.5, 793 per acre. In the case of sugarcane, cost of cultivation under ecological cultivation is relatively low. It is lower by Rs.1, 454 per acre. Gross returns are higher under ecological agriculture. The above analysis clearly shows that ecological agriculture is economically profitable. It has double advantage to the grower; it provides greater returns to the growers at present and ensures the sustainability of these returns in future by protecting the fertility of the soil. Transition Transition is the process of conversion from modern agriculture to ecological agriculture. After introduction of all necessary changes needed also, it might take some time before the transition is completed. Modern farming system depends on external inputs and is market oriented. On the other hand ecological farming is based on ecological principles of nature and depends more on inputs produced on farm. The production under ecological agriculture need not necessarily for subsistence. The growers may have several objectives in shifting from modern system of cultivation to ecological system. By understanding the motivation behind the shifting, it is possible to encourage more conversions. Reasons for Transition Process Information on what made the selected farmers to switch over to organic farming system from modern farming system was gathered. In many cases majority of the farmers reported that transition from modern agriculture to ecological agriculture was due to the possibility of producing healthy food, environmental protection and soil fertility management under organic farming system. A detailed analysis of Paddy and Sugarcane is presented in table 5. Table 5: Crop wise Reasons for transition from modern agriculture system to ecological agriculture system Sl. No Reasons for transition Frequency and Percentage Paddy Sugarcane 1 Cost of cultivation is low 8 (28.6) 10 (35.7) 2 Health 28 (100.0) 23 (82.1) 3 Employment 14 (50.0) 15 (53.6) 4 Soil Fertility Management 20 (71.4) 22 (78.6) 5 Environmental Protection 16 (57.1) 19 (67.9) 6 Yield 18 (64.8) 12 (42.9) Source: Survey Data, Note: Values within brackets represent percentage to total growers (Percentage don’t add to 100 due to multiple response) In recent years paddy farmers are practicing ecological agriculture due to different reasons. According to selected farmers, more than 70 per cent of the total farmers have shifted from modern agriculture to ecological agriculture, in order to maintain soil fertility. According to them, by using cowdung, ash, farm yard manure soil fertility can be maintained for many years. Health is one of the important factors influencing the paddy farmers to shift from modern agriculture to ecological agriculture. According to these farmers ecological food has positive impact on health and to be sure of the supply of organic food, they shifted to ecological agriculture. Paddy farmers also said that ecological agriculture creates more employment compared to modern agriculture. Survey results have shown that employment in ecological agriculture is more by 9 mandays/acre compared to modern agriculture. More than 50 per cent of the total farmers have shifted from modern agriculture to ecological agric ulture due to employment. Cost of cultivation is high in ecological agriculture compared to modern agriculture, because initially more investment is required in ecological agriculture. After completion of transition (5 years) gradually cost is decreased in ecological agriculture. Nearly 65 per cent of the ecological paddy farmers said that they shifted due to higher and stable yield that they are expected under ecological agriculture. The results support this and yield under ecological farm is more by 1 quintal per acre. In the case of sugarcane, 82.1 per cent of the total farmers have shifted from modern agriculture to ecological agriculture because they believe that it leads to healthy life. More than 65 per cent of the total farmers have transformed from modern agriculture to ecological agriculture due to soil fertility maintenance and environmental factors like pollution control, sustainability, water management etc. Sugarcane farmers also opined that ecological agriculture creates more employment compared to modern agriculture. Only 36 per cent of the farmers shifted because they think that cost of cultivation is low under ecological agriculture. In the case of paddy more shifts took place due to ecological factors than economic factors. The main reasons for transition can be found in environmental sustainability as well as health and soil fertility management. Paddy and sugarcane farmers mainly reported that cost of inputs like chemical fertilizers and pesticides are highly expensive. The results clearly show that the awareness about environmental impact of modern agriculture is the main reason for the farmers to shift to ecological agriculture. Conclusion The over all analysis of the study highlights that ecological agriculture is economically profitable compared to modern agriculture. It provides greater returns to the growers at present and ensures the sustainability of these returns in future by protecting the fertility of the soil and enhancing the quality of environment and conserve natural resources. Farm Business Income from ecological agriculture is more due to higher yield and price. It is mainly due to the purchase of organic manure by the growers. Efforts should be made to encourage farmers to keep livestock to produce on farm organic inputs in order to reduce the cost of organic manures. The main reason for transition from modern agriculture to ecological agriculture was the awareness about environment and health. This awareness is limited only to those who are educated. Efforts should be made to create awareness about two aspects of ecological farming i.e., awareness about environmental consequences of ecological farming and economics of ecological agriculture. References: CharjanY.D and T.N Hajare (2002), Ecological Agriculture Solves the Problems of Indian Agriculture, Kisan World, l29 (7), pp. 43-4. Dhawan AS and MS. Deshmukh 92005), Organic Farming in Relation to Environment Pollution, Kisan World, 32(2) February 2005, Pp: 27-28. Saravanane M et al (2007) â€Å"Organic Production System† Kisan World, 34 (03), Pp. 45 – 47, March 2007 Thakur and Sharma KD (2005), Organic Farming for Sustainable Agriculture and Meeting the Challenges of Food Security in 21st Century: An Economic Analysis, Indian Journal of Agriculture Economics, 60 (2), April-June 2005, Pp: 205-219. 1 [*] Senior Research Scholar, Department of Studies in Economics and Cooperation, University of Mysore, Mysore, Email: [emailprotected] [**] Reader, Department of Studies in Economics and Cooperation, University of Mysore, Mysore, Email: [emailprotected].

Teaching Morals and Character at State University :: Teaching Education Essays

Teaching Morals and Character at State University Introduction Several weeks ago, there was a slight uproar on State U.’s campus when a threatening homophobic message was found scrawled on a student’s personal belongings. The controversy revolved around the intentions of this message and, once it was discovered who had written the message, how that individual should be punished. Most of the dialogue on campus, both amongst the administration and the student body, focused on the individual’s motives, the individual’s actions, and the individual’s punishment. Yet, I argue that such actions can not simply be attributed to the character of the individual, but also reflect the character of the institution. A somewhat humorous, yet appalling parallel can be drawn between this situation and one presented by constructionist Rheta DeVries during her discussion of teaching morality in a classroom of three-year-olds where a teacher found urine on the floor of the bathroom for several consecutive days. DeVries wrote, "[The teacher] did not know who was responsible, but suspected that more than one child was involved. She figured that they were not being malicious but thought it was funny" (2). In this same manner, the State U. individual who wrote a threatening, homophobic message probably did not do so out of sheer hate, or with harmful intentions. Nevertheless, the message offended the State U. community in the same way that the urine on the bathroom floor interrupted the three-year-olds’ classroom. In both situations, we must ask ourselves: what encouraged such actions? Why did the three-year-olds think it was okay to urinate on the floor? Why does a State U. student think it is per missible to write such a negative message? Neither the children nor the college student would have committed such acts had they believed that it would not have been accepted — if not by everyone, at least by the majority. This State U. student faced a semester of suspension for his actions, but was permitted to return to school the following year. However, short-lived suspension is not the only necessary action. By temporarily ridding the institution of this individual, State U. alleviated the symptoms of immorality but avoided directly treating the problem at hand: State U.’s moral atmosphere. Such a negative action, even if committed merely by one student, is a summons to the institution to re-examine its ethical environment in order to prevent inconsiderate actions before they occur, not treat them after the fact.

Address Resolution Protocol

————————————————- Address Resolution Protocol The  Address Resolution Protocol  (ARP) is a  computer networking  protocol for determining a network host's link layer or hardware address when only its  Internet Layer  (IP) or  Network Layer  address is known. This function is critical in local area networking as well as for routing internetworking traffic across gateways (routers) based on  IP addresses  when the next-hop router must be determined. ARP was defined by  RFC 826  in 1982. [1]  It is  Internet Standard  STD 37. ARP has been implemented in many types of networks, such as  Internet Protocol  (IP) network,  CHAOS,  DECNET, Xerox  PARC Universal Packet,  Token Ring,  FDDI,  IEEE 802. 11  and other  LAN  technologies, as well as the modern high capacity networks, such as  Asynchronous Transfer Mode  (ATM). Due to the overwhelming prevalence of  IPv4  and Ethernet in general networking, ARP is most frequently used to translate  IPv4 addresses  into Ethernet  MAC addresses. In the next generation Internet Protocol,  IPv6, ARP's functionality is provided by the  Neighbor Discovery Protocol  (NDP). ———————————————— Overview and IPv4-plus-Ethernet example Consider a LAN where machines using IPv4 over Ethernet wish to communicate. A sender wishes to send a message to some other machine on the LAN and knows a destination IPv4 address. The destination IPv4 address is hopefully associated with some appropriate network interface belonging to the recipient machine, and is present on the LAN. But in order for communication to succeed, the sending machine  first needs to discover the ethernet MAC address of the intended recipient network interface. This requirement comes about because Ethernet hardware does not (necessarily) understand IPv4 protocols or IPv4 addresses in the sense that Ethernet hardware ‘listens out for' relevant Ethernet MAC addresses but does not ‘listen out for' IPv4 addresses. (An impractical alternative would be to have all units listen to every Ethernet packet and inspect the contents for relevant IPv4 addresses, discarding the packets that are intended for other devices, but this would be very inefficient. ) So before sending an IPv4 packet, the sender sends a roadcast message onto the LAN using ARP in order to discover the Ethernet MAC address of some interface that is listening for that desired target IPv4 address. Some appropriate unit replies that it has a network interface with a certain MAC address that is associated with the IPv4 address in question. The original would-be sender now has the information needed and can go ahead and send its IPv4 packet to the destination inserting it int o an Ethernet frame with the correct destination MAC address for the appropriate recipient. The sender's operating system also stores the newly discovered MAC address in a table (‘caches' the result). This table of mappings from IPv4 addresses to MAC addresses is retained and consulted again and again, so the ARP discovery procedure only has to be performed one time, when a packet is sent to a ‘new' destination IPv4 address. ————————————————- Operating scope The Address Resolution Protocol is a low level request and answer protocol that is communicated on the media access level of the underlying network. For  Ethernet  systems, an ARP message is the payload of Ethernet packets. ARP therefore operates only across the local link that a host is connected to. Within the framework of the  Internet Protocol Suite, this characteristic makes ARP a  Link Layer  protocol. [2] ARP is also very often discussed in terms of the  Open Systems Interconnect  (OSI)  networking model, because that model addresses hardware-to-software interfaces more explicitly and is preferred by some equipment manufacturers. However, ARP was not developed based on the design principles and strict encapsulation hierarchy of this model and, therefore, such discussions create a number of conflicts as to the exact operating layer within this model. Most often ARP is placed into the  Data Link Layer  (Layer 2), but since it requires the definitions of network addresses of the  Network Layer, it is not unusual to find it referenced at that layer. An example of use in OSI networking, is ATMARP, used to resolve  Asynchronous Transfer Mode  (ATM)  NSAP  addresses in IP over ATM deployments. ————————————————- Packet structure The  Address Resolution Protocol  uses a simple message format that contains one address resolution request or response. The size of the ARP message depends on the upper layer and lower layer address sizes, which are given by the type of networking protocol (usually  IPv4) in use and the type of hardware or virtual link layer that the upper layer protocol is running on. The message header specifies these types, as well as the size of addresses of each. The message header is completed with the operation code for request (1) and reply (2). The payload of the packet consists of four addresses, the hardware and protocol address of the sender and receiver hosts. The principal packet structure of ARP packets is shown in the following table which illustrates the case of IPv4 networks running on Ethernet. In this scenario, the packet has 48-bit fields for the sender hardware address (SHA) and target hardware address (THA), and 32-bit fields for the corresponding sender and target protocol addresses (SPA and TPA). Thus, the ARP packet size in this case is 28 bytes. Hardware type (HTYPE) This field specifies the Link Layer protocol type. Example: Ethernet is 1. Protocol type (PTYPE) This field specifies the upper layer protocol for which the ARP request is intended. For example, Internet Protocol (IPv4) is encoded as 0x0800. Hardware length (HLEN) Length (in  octets) of a hardware address. Ethernet addresses size is 6. Protocol length (PLEN) Length (in octets) of a  logical address  of the specified protocol (cf. PTYPE). IPv4 address size is 4. Operation Specifies the operation that the sender is performing: 1 for request, 2 for reply. Sender hardware address (SHA) Hardware (MAC) address of the sender. Sender protocol address (SPA) Upper layer protocol address of the sender. Target hardware address (THA) Hardware address of the intended receiver. This field is ignored in requests. Target protocol address (TPA) Upper layer protocol address of the intended receiver. ARP protocol parameter values have been standardized and are maintained by  IANA Internet Protocol (IPv4) over Ethernet ARP packet| bit offset| 0 – 7| 8 – 15| 0| Hardware type (HTYPE)| 16| Protocol type (PTYPE)| 32| Hardware address length (HLEN)| Protocol address length (PLEN)| 48| Operation (OPER)| 64| Sender hardware address (SHA) (first 16 bits)| 80| (next 16 bits)| 96| (last 16 bits)| 112| Sender protocol address (SPA) (first 16 bits)| 128| (last 16 bits)| 144| Target hardware address (THA) (first 16 bits)| 160| (next 16 bits)| 76| (last 16 bits)| 192| Target protocol address (TPA) (first 16 bits)| 208| (last 16 bits)| ————————————————- ARP probe An  ARP probe  is an ARP request constructed with an all-zero  sender IP address. The term is used in the  IPv4 Addre ss Conflict Detection  specification (RFC 5227). Before beginning to use an IPv4 address (whether received from manual configuration, DHCP, or some other means), a host implementing this specification must test to see if the address is already in use, by broadcasting ARP probe packets. ————————————————- ARP announcements ARP may also be used as a simple announcement protocol. This is useful for updating other host's mapping of a hardware address when the sender's IP address or MAC address has changed. Such an announcement, also called a  gratuitous ARP  message, is usually broadcast as an ARP request containing the sender's protocol address (SPA) in the target field (TPA=SPA), with the target hardware address (THA) set to zero. An alternative is to broadcast an ARP reply with the sender's hardware and protocol addresses (SHA and SPA) duplicated in the target fields (TPA=SPA, THA=SHA). An ARP announcement is not intended to solicit a reply; instead it updates any cached entries in the ARP tables of other hosts that receive the packet. The operation code may indicate a request or a reply because the ARP standard specifies that the opcode is only processed after the ARP table has been updated from the address fields. [4][5][6] Many operating systems perform gratuitous ARP during startup. That helps to resolve problems which would otherwise occur if, for example, a network card was recently changed (changing the IP-address-to-MAC-address mapping) and other hosts still have the old mapping in their ARP caches. Gratuitous ARP is also used by some interface drivers to effect load balancing for incoming traffic. In a team of network cards, it is used to announce a different MAC address within the team that should receive incoming packets. ARP announcements can be used to defend  link-local  IP addresses in the  Zeroconf  protocol (RFC 3927), and for IP address takeover within  high-availability clusters. ————————————————- ARP mediation ARP mediation  refers to the process of resolving Layer 2 addresses when different resolution protocols are used on multiple connected circuits, e. . , ATM on one end and Ethernet on the others. ————————————————- Inverse ARP and Reverse ARP The  Inverse Address Resolution Protocol  (Inverse ARP or InARP), is a protocol used f or obtaining  Network Layer  addresses (e. g. ,  IP addresses) of other nodes from  Data Link Layer(Layer 2) addresses. It is primarily used in  Frame Relay  (DLCI) and ATM networks, in which Layer 2 addresses of  virtual circuits  are sometimes obtained from Layer 2 signaling, and the corresponding Layer 3 addresses must be available before these virtual circuits can be used. As ARP translates Layer 3 addresses to Layer 2 addresses, InARP may be described as its inverse. In addition, InARP is actually implemented as a protocol extension to ARP. It uses the same packet format from ARP; but has different operation codes. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol  (Reverse ARP or RARP), like InARP, also translates Layer 2 addresses to Layer 3 addresses. However, while in InARP the requesting station is querying the Layer 3 address of another node, RARP is used to obtain the Layer 3 address of the requesting station itself for address configuration purposes. RARP is now obsolete. It was replaced by  BOOTP, which was later superseded by the  Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol  (DHCP). ————————————————- Proxy ARP Proxy ARP  (Address Resolution Protocol) is a technique by which a device on a given network answers the  ARP  queries for a  network address  that is not on that network. The ARP Proxy is aware of the location of the traffic's destination, and offers its own MAC address in reply, effectively saying, â€Å"send it to me, and I'll get it to where it needs to go. Serving as an ARP Proxy for another host effectively directs LAN traffic to the Proxy. The â€Å"captured† traffic is then typically routed by the Proxy to the intended destination via another interface or via a  tunnel. The process which results in the node responding with its own MAC address to an ARP request for a different IP address for proxying purposes is sometimes referred to as ‘publishing'. ————————————————- Uses Below are some typical uses for proxy ARP: Joining a broadcast LAN with  serial  links (e. g. ,  dialup  or  VPN  connections). Assume an Ethernet broadcast domain (e. g. , a group of stations connected to the same hub) using a certain IPv4 address range (e. g. , 192. 168. 0. 0/24, where 192. 168. 0. 1 – 192. 168. 0. 127 are assigned to wired nodes). One or more of the nodes is an  access router  accepting dialup or VPN connections. The access router gives the dial-up nodes IP addressses in the range 192. 168. 0. 128 – 192. 168. 0. 254; for this example, assume a dial-up node gets IP address 192. 168. 0. 254. The access router uses Proxy ARP to make the dial-up node present in the subnet without being wired into the Ethernet: he access server ‘publishes' its own MAC address for 192. 168. 0. 254. Now, when another node wired into the Ethernet wants to talk to the dial-up node, it will ask on the network for the MAC address of 192. 168. 0. 254 and find the access server's MAC address. It will therefore send its IP packets to the access server, and the access server will know to pass them on to the particular dial-up node. All dial-up nodes therefore appear to the wired Ethernet nodes as if they are wired into the same Ethernet subnet. Taking multiple addresses from a LAN Assume a station (e. g. , a server) with an interface (10. 0. 0. 2) connected to a network (10. 0. 0. 0/24). Certain applications may require multiple IP addresses on the server. Provided the addresses have to be from the 10. 0. 0. 0/24 range, the way the problem is solved is through Proxy ARP. Additional addresses (say, 10. 0. 0. 230-10. 0. 0. 240) are  aliased  to the  loopbackinterface of the server (or assigned to special interfaces, the latter typically being the case with  VMware/UML/jails/vservers/other virtual server environments) and ‘published' on the 10. . 0. 2 interface (although many operating systems allow direct allocation of multiple addresses to one interface, thus eliminating the need for such tricks). On a firewall In this scenario a firewall can be configured with a single IP address. One simple example of a use for this would be placing a firewall in front of a single host or group of hosts on a subnet. Example- A network (10. 0. 0. 0/8) has a serve r which should be protected (10. 0. 0. 20) a proxy-arp firewall can be placed in front of the server. In this way the server is put behind a firewall without making any changes to the network at all. Mobile-IP In case of  Mobile-IP  the Home Agent uses Proxy ARP in order to receive messages on behalf of the Mobile Node, so that it can forward the appropriate message to the actual mobile node's address (Care Of Address). Transparent subnet gatewaying A setup that involves two physical segments sharing the same IP subnet and connected together via a  router. This use is documented in  RFC 1027 ————————————————- Advantages The advantage of Proxy ARP over other networking schemes is simplicity. A network can be extended using this technique without the knowledge of the upstream router. For example, suppose a host, say A, wants to contact another host B, where B is on a different subnet/broadcast domain than A. For this, host A will send an  ARP  request with a Destination IP address of B in its ARP packet. The multi-homed router which is connected to both the subnets, responds to host A's request with its MAC address instead of host B's actual  MAC  address, thus proxying for host B. In the due course of time, when host A sends a packet to the router which is actually destined to host B, the router just forwards the packet to host B. The communication between host A and B is totally unaware of the router proxying for each other. ————————————————- Disadvantages Disadvantage of Proxy ARP include scalability (ARP resolution is required for every device routed in this manner) and reliability (no fallback mechanism is present, and masquerading can be confusing in some environments). It should be noted that ARP manipulation techniques, however, are the basis for protocols providing  redundancy  on broadcast networks (e. g. ,Ethernet), most notably  CARP  and  Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol. Proxy ARP can create DoS attacks on networks if misconfigured. For example a misconfigured router with proxy ARP has the ability to receive packets destined for other hosts (as it gives its own MAC address in response to ARP requests for other hosts/routers), but may not have the ability to correctly forward these packets on to their final destination, thus blackholing the traffic.

Financial Ratios Financial Ratio - 1202 Words

Financial Ratios In the acquisitions and mergers of companies, there are several financial ratios that are essential to consider. These financial ratios give clear pictures of the financial position of the parent company and the company that is to be acquired. The financial ratios indicate whether a company is in a financial position to acquire a new company, and whether it would be in the best interest of the parent company to acquire the new company. It is also important to note that an accurate indication of the strength of a ratio is dependent on industry average, competitors ratios and the historical ratios of the respective companies. These financial ratios are discussed below. Liquidity Ratios The first set of financial ratios to†¦show more content†¦This computation is done to determine the amount of cash that make up a company’s current assets to cover current liabilities. The goal of these ratios is to provide a clear picture of a company’s ability to satisfy short term financial obligations given that such obligations needs to be satisfies within a specific short period of time (Ahmend, 2015). Solvency Ratios The next set of ratios to consider is the solvency ratios. The solvency ratios include the debt to equity ratio, debt to asset ratio and interest coverage ratio. The debt to equity ratio is calculated by dividing the total debt of a company by the total equity of the company. When the debt to equity ratio is high, it is an indication that a company financed mostly by debt. While this may not necessarily be a bad thing depending on the size of the company a high debt to equity ratio implies that there are more interests and creditors that a company has to pay in the future. It depicts a higher risk in terms of a company’s ability to satisfy its financial long terms debts. The debt to asset ratio measures a company’s total asset against total liabilities. A higher debt to asset ratio indicates that a company has a lot more debt than it can potentially pay in the future. The interest coverage ratio measures a company’s ability to pay off interest on loans with the current operating income. It is calculated by dividing operating income by interest expense. The higher the